Diagnosis is based on the age of onset before age of 40, history of tobacco use, physical examination demon¬strating distal limb ischemia, and exclusion of other condi¬tions mentioned above. Angiography may show segmental lesions.
Treatment includes cessation of cigarette smoking. Biopsy of lesions may prove difficult to heal and recons¬tructive surgery is often not feasible because of the segmental lesions that may be present.

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