Cardiovascular anomalies associated with prenatal exposure to teratogens are given in Table 1. Cardiovas¬cular drugs that are contraindicated particularly during the first 16 weeks of pregnancy include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. These agents may adversely affect fetal and neonatal blood pressure control and renal function. They may cause defects and oligohydramnios. These agents are teratogenic in animals and are associated with a high incidence of intrauterine death. They are used in the management of hypertension and are contraindicated in women of childbearing age. Calcium antagonists such as diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine, and similar dihydropyridines must also be avoided.

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