hypertension high blood pressure.
hypotension marked decrease in blood pressure, usually less than 95 mmHg.
inotropic an effect that affects the force of muscular contrac¬tions; negative inotropic refers to decreased myocardial contrac¬tility that may lead to poor pumping of the blood, reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure.
myocardial infarction death of an area of heart muscle due to blockage of a coronary artery by blood clot and atheroma; medical term for heart attack or coronary thrombosis.
platelet aggregation clumping together of small particles in the blood; platelets increase clot formation.

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• I. HISTORICAL
  In 350–377 BC, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, advised the use of diet and plant medicines. He tried to relieve the pain of his patients by asking them to chew willow bark, which contains salicylic acid. Long before Hippocrates, the ancient Sumerians (5000 BC), Egyptians, and the Chinese (1600–700 BC) were noted to use herbs such as onions, garlic, licorice, ginger, thyme, and Ayurveda was commonly used in India.
• II. CONSUMPTION AND REGULATION
  Alternative therapies with herbal, dietary, and vitamin supplements have escalated considerably in the western world during the past 10 years. Alternative therapies were used in more than 40% of adults in the United States during 1997, and a consumer poll in 1998 indicated that more than 30% of respondents use herbal remedies. In the United States the use of herbal therapy in 1997 was 12% vs. 2.5 percent in 1990, at a consumer cost of greater than $5 billion. During 2001, more than $17 billion was spent on dietary supplements with greater than $4.2 billion spent for herbal remedies in the United States.
• III. BENEFITS, ADVERSE EFFECTS, AND DRUG INTERACTIONS
  A. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza)
• IV. SUBSTANCES USED BY ATHLETES
  Many athletes may indicate that they are not taking medications and fail to recognize that herbal preparations and dietary supplements may contain prohibited sub¬stances that are cardiovascular stimulants. Substances commonly used by athletes include ephedra alkaloids (e.g., Ma Hung or ephedrine) and guarana (caffeine). Adverse effects include arrhythmias and catecholamine cardiomyopathy.
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
  Appeldoorn, C. C. M., Bonnefoy, A., Lutters, B. C. H. et al. Gallic acid antagonizes P-selectin–mediated platelet–leukocyte interactions: Implications for the French paradox. Circulation, 111:106–112, 2005.