II. CLINICAL FEATURES AND INVESTIGATIONS
Cryptogenic stroke is a nonhemorrhagic stroke (cerebral infarcts) that occurs in younger individuals without identifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, atheroma of the ascending aorta, hyperlipidemia, and lacunar strokes from small vessel disease.
No cause for cryptogenic strokes can be defined after intensive investigation which includes a careful cardio¬vascular and neurologic examination, carotid Doppler, cerebral imaging (CT and MRI), tests for thrombophyllic disorders, and Holter monitoring to uncover paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation can be easily missed, and it is a more common cause of cerebral embolization than that caused by PFOs.